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MUGSAR 4-WAY
1. unicode 2. sign 3. lemma 4. translation [28x12013CT] 444 Current WIP 4-Way Library:
Very Common Signs | top | Contents | *QF* Sumerians Kings of the EarthlingsFirstly, the issue
over the more correct cuneiform. Clearly, it make much more sense that "gi" 12100
reed stylus (writing => knowledge => power; reed marsh of Tigris
and Euphrates delta) should be the one we use. Rather than the much less used
non-Sumerian, later Babylonian "gir15" 120A0
(local), as shown at PSD for the individual logogram, 4900x to 7x, and the
compound for Sumerian language "eme.gi" 21x over "eme.gir15" only 1x,
in the older period. And similarly for tablets refering to the King of Sumer,
mainly use Also see Proto Language Monosyllables Patrick Ryan clearly knows what he is talking about, Emegi, the language of males in Sumer, differs in some interesting ways from equivalent forms inEmesal, the language of females
[12174 'eme' = tongue, language + 12100 GI reed / write] One can imagine that the Sumerians were dominant and respected by other states because they could write, hence the emphasis on reed stylus. Thus they were looked on as, Kings of the Earthlings because the stylus is mightier than the sword. 4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents ..
4-Way follows Inana lady (wonder) come to pass Ur-Nammu the mighty man
King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad
.. temple build
Sumerians called themselvesblack-headed people
Examples in tablets follow 4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents There in the tablets, black people are the city-dwellers and rulers of SumerCont. from Inana | 4-Way top | TOC 231. His father replied to the boy; 232. his father replied to Šukaletuda: 233. My son, you should join the city-dwellers your brothers the rulers of Sumer. 234. Go at once to the black-headed people, your brothers! 235. Then this woman [Inana] will not find you in the lands of Sumer. 236. He joined the city-dwellers, his brothers all together. 237. He went at once to the black-headed people, his brothers, 238. and the woman did not find him in the lands. [ETCSL: c133.231] 231. lu2-tur ad-da-ni mu-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4 232. šu-kal-/le\-tud-da ad-[da-ni] mu-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4 233.
dumu-gu10 iri
šeš-zu 234. sag gig2 šeš-zu-ne giri3 gub-ba gen-na 235. munus-e šag4 kur-kur-ra-ka nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3-de3-en 236. iri šeš-a-ni ni2-bi-a im-us2 237. sag gig2 šeš-a-ni giri3 gub-ba im-gen 238. munus-e šag4 kur-kur-ra-ka nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3 4-Way follows Inana & Šukaletuda (c.1.3.3), line c133.231 [cont from Inana 138b] 231. lu2-tur ad-da-ni mu-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4 [ETCSL: His father replied to the boy] son father for a time tossed the problem around
etcsl.orinst.oxc133.231 (or c133.177) .. 232. šu-kal-/le\-tud-da ad-[da-ni] mu-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4 [ETCSL: his father replied to Šukaletuda] Šukaletuda father for a time tossed the problem around
233. dumu-gu10 iri
šeš-zu [ETCSL: "My son, you should join the city-dwellers your brothers.] son city-dwellers your brothers get protection from them the rulers of Sumer
.. 234. sag gig2 šeš-zu-ne giri3 gub-ba gen-na [Inana-Šukaletuda c133.234] [ETCSL: Go at once to the black-headed people, your brothers!] black people your brothers hop to it go
235. munus-e šag4 kur-kur-ra-ka nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3-de3-en [ETCSL: Then this woman [Inana] will not find you in all the lands.] That woman! interior of all the land talking did not find in Sumer the rapist
.. 236. iri šeš-a-ni ni2-bi-a im-us2 [ETCSL: He joined the city-dwellers, his brothers all together.] city dwellers his brothers in time all together joined
237. sag gig2 šeš-a-ni giri3 gub-ba im-gen [ETCSL: He went at once to the black-headed people, his brothers,] black people his brothers hopping to it went
.. 238. munus-e šag4 kur-kur-ra-ka nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3 [ETCSL: and the woman did not find him in the land.] That woman! interior of all the land did not find the rapist
[END extract] | 231 | 4-Way top | TOC ETCSL Search: black-headed people sag-gig2 (-ga) 4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents 137-148. The francolin to the of its . The francolin to the birthplace of Dumuzid. Like a pigeon on its window ledge it took counsel with itself; the francolin in its shelter took counsel. Only his mother Durtur can gladden my master! Only his mother Durtur can gladden Dumuzid! My goddess, born in Kuara, the maiden who is the crown of all , the admiration and acclaim of the black-headed people, the playful one who also voices laments and the cries, who intercedes before the king Geštin-ana, the lady, did . .. 137. []-ba-še3 buru5-?abrudmušen-e nam /il2\ 138.
ki-ulutim2 ddumu-zid-da-še3 buru5- 139. tum12mušen-gin7 ab-lal3-ba ni2-bi-a ad-e-eš ba-ni-ib2-gi4 140.
buru5- 141.
lugal-gu10 ama-ni ddur7-/tur\-ra-am3 i3- 142.
ddumu-zid-de3 ama-ni <ddur7-tur-ra-am3 i3- 143. in-nin-gu10 u3-tud-da kuaraki 144. ki-sikil amar sig7-ga men-bi 145. u6 di nig2-me-gar sag gig2-ga 146. e-ne dug4-dug4 i-lu akkil dug4-dug4 147. nam-šita dug4-dug4 lugal-la [] 148. dgeštin-an-na-ke4 nin []
c.1.3.2/Tr/Gl sag gig2-ga šir3-re-eš bi2-ib-ra She shall determine fates. She shall apportion the divine powers among the Anuna, the great gods. And as for you, I will place in your hands the lives of the black-headed people. When you get there, let the woman I have chosen for her beauty her mother. Do not go to her empty-handed, but take her some jewellery in your left hand. Waste no time. Return with her answer quickly.
31-38. In the Gagiššua of the great palace, where she renders verdicts with grandeur, he made the great mother Ninlil glad. Enlil and Ninlil relished it there. In its great dining hall, the trustworthy hero chosen by Nunamnir made them enjoy a magnificent meal: the E-kur was rejoicing. They looked with approval at the shepherd Ur-Namma, and the Great Mountain decreed a great destiny for Ur-Nammu for all time, making him the mightiest among his black-headed people. .. 31.
ga2-giš-šu2-a /e2\-gal ma 32. /ama\ gal dnin-lil2-ra ul mu-na-ni-in-de6 33. den-lil2 dnin-lil2-bi dug3 mi-ni-in-gal2-le-eš 34. unu2 gal-ba šul zid mu pad3-da dnu-nam-nir-ra-ka (zi-kir šu-mi) 35.
ninda ma 36. igi zid mu-un-ši-in-bar-re-eš sipad dur-dnamma-ra 37. kur gal-e sipad dur-dnamma-ra nam gal ud su3-ra2-še3 mu-ni-in-tar 38.
sag gig2-ga-na a2
mi-ni-in-ma
4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents ETCSL translation : t.2.5.3.4 http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.2.5.3.4 A šir-namerima (?) for Iddin-Dagan (Iddin-Dagan D) 1-2. Great lady, majestic physician to the black-headed, holy Ninisina, daughter of An, may you be praised! 3-9. Lady whose tempest, like a raging storm, the interior of heaven and the trembling earth, whose upraised fierce face, like a fire, rips the bodies of the enemy; who, like a dragon, does not bring up venom in her place where , paws of a lion, sharpened knives, claws constantly dripping blood, which prick the body with fear! When you draw through the flesh the scalpel and the lancet, knives like lion"s claws the bodies of the black-headed people tremble because of you! .. 1.
nin gal <a>-zu ma 2.
kug dnin-isin2si-na dumu an-na me-teš2 3.
nin tum9u18-lu-ni ud mir-a-gin7 an-šag4-a ki 4.
dgibil6-gin7 igi / 5. ušumgal-gin7 ki KA X-a-na uš11-bi nu-ed3-de3 6. /šu pirig\-ga2 giri2 u3-sar ak umbin uš2 biz-biz-biz 7.
su X 8. giri2-zal bulug-kig2-gur4 giri2 pirig-ga2-gin7 uzu e3-a-zu-uš 9. ug3 sag gig2 su ma-ra-sag3-sag3-ge
A
praise poem of http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.2.8.2.1 1 line fragmentary acting as its lord 7 lines fragmentary the black-headed . the Euphrates . the Tigris . 10. []-zu X um-ma-ri sag gig2-ga [()] /IM?\ en GIL
http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.5.5.4 18-27. Here, {in {"Where Flesh Came Forth"} {(1 ms. has instead:) "Where Flesh Grew"} (the name of a cosmic location) , he set this very hoe (al) to work;} {(1 other ms. has instead:) in "Where Flesh Grew" the unassailable (?),} he had it place the first model of mankind in the brick mould. His Land started to break through the soil towards Enlil. He looked with favour at his black-headed people. Now the Anuna gods stepped forward to him, and did (gal) obeisance to him. They calmed Enlil with a prayer, for they wanted to demand (al-dug) the black-headed people from him. Ninmena, the lady who had given birth to the ruler, who had given birth to the king, now set (algaga) human reproduction going. .. 18. {{uzu-e3-a} {(1 ms. has instead:) uzu-mu2-a} gišal am3-mi-ni-in-du3} { (1 other ms. has instead the line:) 18A. uzu-mu2-a sag nu-ga2-ga2-de3 } 19. sag nam-lu2-ulu3 u3-šub-ba mi-ni-in-gar 20. den-lil2-še3 kalam-ma-ni ki mu-un-ši-in-dar-re 21. sag gig2-ga-ni-še3 igi zid mu-ši-in-bar 22. da-nun-na mu-un-na-sug2-sug2-ge-eš 23. šu-bi giri17-ba mu-un-ne-gal2 24.
den-lil2 a-ra-zu-a mu-ni-in- 25. ug3 sag gig2-ga al mu-un-da-be2-ne 26. nin en u3-tud-de3 lugal u3-tud-de3 27. dnin-men-na-ke4 tud-tud al-ga2-ga2
4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.5.3.6 2 lines fragmentary of Enlil . Small ten-shekel pieces of silver 6 lines fragmentary unknown no. of lines missing 5 lines fragmentary in aromatic oil of cedar . humans, the black-headed people. Let him anoint each with my aromatic oil of cedar. it is an abomination to my king. .. 7. [] /lu2\-ulu3 ug3 sag gig2-ge 8.
[] i3 šim gišerin-na-ga2-ta-am3 9.
[]
Sumer The Victory of Utu-Hengal, ETCSL transliteration : c.2.1.6. 4. ki-en-gi-ra2 nij2-a-erim2 /bi2-in\-si-a 21. sig-ce3 ki-en-gi-ra2 {gana2} {(1 ms. has instead:) jic} bi2-kece2 http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.5.3.3 236-247. When the šem and ala drums, and other instruments play together for him, he passes the time with your heart-gladdening tigi and zamzam instruments. But it is I who have made the wine plentiful and made much to eat and drink. I perfect the garments with fine oil. I bring up the , the šutur and aktum garments. As for safeguarding, the best in Sumer, in the oppressive heat (?) of Summer, where they had been put away in the bedrooms amongst the black-headed people, moths destroy the blankets and make the aktum cloth perish because of you. exhausts itself for you . The wooden chest . I am Ninkasi"s help, for her I sweeten the beer, with as much cold water, the tribute of the hills, as you brought. .. 236. šem3 kuša2-la2 si-ŠIR3 giš-gu3-di ni2-ba u3-mu-na-du12 237.
tigi za-am-za-am nig2 šag4 238. ge26-e geštin lu-lu-me-en gu7 nag gal-gal-me-en 239. tug2 i3 dug3-ge ba-ab-du7-me-en 240. /nig2\-tug2-ba tug2šutur tug2aktum-ma a2 ba-ni-e3-a-me-en 241. /kum2\-ma dugud e2-me-eš sag ki-en-gi*-ra zi-bi tum2-tum2-de3 242. ug3 sag gig2-ga ur2-bi-a ki-nu2 gar-gar-ra-bi 243.
tug2nig2-barag2 nim mu-ra-be4-be4 tug2aktum mu-ra-sa 244. gišnig2-keše2-da a2 mu-ra-ab-kuš2-u3 e2-gal ma-ra-ŠEŠ-ŠEŠ 245. gišgu2-ne-sag-ga2-ke4 mu-un-kig2-kig2 en3 tar mu-ni-gal2 246.
dnin-ka-si-ke4 a2-ta 247.
a sed4 gu2-un * So here in one of the few extant examples, "Sumer" = sag ki-en-gi = head(/people) + cosmic world + lord + reed stylus "gi" [not little used 'gir15' native]
4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents First Professors are Black!The advice of a supervisor to a younger scribe (E-dub-ba-a C) (The supervisor speaks...)" src="Sumerian/icon_smile.gif"> 1. dumu e2-dub-ba-a ud ul-la ga2-nu ki-gu10-še3 [ETCSL: {Apprentice!} One-time member of the school, come here to me,] Apprentice scribe school once supervised won"t you come down to the designated place
Note: Original translation inexplicably doesn"t bother to translate the very first word, dumu = apprentice probably the most interesting and important part of the whole introduction http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c513.1 4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents 2. nig2 um-mi-a-gu10 mu-un-pad3-da za-e ga-ra-pad3-pad3 http://etcsl.orinst.ox.a...c513.2 [ETCSL: and let me explain to you what my teacher revealed] something, dear professor, who of course must be black, revealed to the people of Sumer, you, like threshing grain will be revealed
* There are some who say that when the Sumerians call themselves black it should not be taken literally, and black means local or something. Also in signs for other professions the scribes don"t add this extra point , but here they emphasize the first professors that started the education revolution 5000 years ago are BLACK!
3. za-e-gin7-nam nam-lu2-tur i3-ak šeš-gal i3-tuku-am3 [ETCSL: "Like you, I was once a youth and had a mentor]
http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c513.3 *END current WIP* 4-Way top | Very Common Signs | top | Contents | *QF* 3-8. Like you, I was once a youth and had a mentor. The teacher assigned a task to me it was man"s work. Like a springing reed, I leapt up and put myself to work. I did not depart from my teacher"s instructions, and I did not start doing things on my own initiative. My mentor was delighted with my work on the assignment. He rejoiced that I was humble before him and he spoke in my favour. 3.za-e-gin7-nam nam-lu2-tur i3-ak šeš-gal i3-tuku-am3 4. um-mi-a lu2-ta kig2-ga2-am3 a2 ag2-ga2 giš bi2-in-gar 5. gi al-gu4-ud-da-gin7 i3-gu4-ud-de3-en kig2-ga2 bi2-in-sig10-ge-en 6. inim um-mi-a-gu10 nu-un-taka4 nig2 ni2-ga2 li-bi2-ak 7. šeš-gal-gu10 a2 giš gar-ra-ga2 šag4-ga-ni i-ni-in-dug3 8. i3-sun5-ne na-mu-da-ši- 9-15. 9. I just did whatever he outlined for me everything was always in its place. 10. Only a fool would have deviated from his instructions. 11. He guided my hand on the clay and kept me on the right path. 12. He made me eloquent with words and gave me advice. 13. He focused my eyes on the rules which guide a man with a task: 14. zeal is proper for a task, time-wasting is taboo; 15. anyone who wastes time on his task is neglecting his task. 9. giš ma-an- 10. na de5-ga-ni-ta lu2 11. im-ma šu-gu10 si ba-ni-in-sa2 us2 zid mu-un-dab5 12. ka-gu10 inim-ma gal2 ba-ni-in-taka4 ad gi4-gi4 ma-an-pad3 13. giš- 14. gu2 zi-zi-i 15. lu2 ki a2 ag2-ga2-ni-še3 ud zal-la a2 ag2-ga2-ni ab-taka4 16-20. He did not vaunt his knowledge: his words were modest. If he had vaunted his knowledge, people would have frowned. Do not waste time, do not rest at night get on with that work! Do not reject the pleasurable company of a mentor or his assistant: once you have come into contact with such great brains, you will make your own words more worthy. 16. nig2-zu-a-ni pa nu-um-e3 ka-ga14-ni ba-an-la2 17. tukum-bi nig2-zu-a-ni pa ba-an-e3 igi
mu-un-su 18. ud na-ab-zal-e-en gi6 na-ab-sed4-e-en a2-bi-še3 gen-na 19. šeš-gal šeš-ban3-da 20. sag-ki gal-gal-la um-ma-te inim-zu ba-dugud-de3-en 21-26. And another thing: you will never return to your blinkered vision; that would be greatly to demean due deference, the decency of mankind. Worthy plants [offerings?] calm the heart, and sins are absolved. An empty-handed man"s gifts are respected as such. Even a poor man clutches a kid to his chest as he kneels. You should defer to the powers that be and that will calm you. 21. 2-kam-ma-še3 igi keše2-da-zu-še3 nu-ra-ni-ib-gi4-gi4 22. ki za-za teš2 lu2-u18-lu-ka ma 23. u2 teš2-a-ka šag4 ab-sed4-de3 nam-tag-ga al-du8-e 24. lu2 šu sug4-ga-ka kadra-ni ur5-še3 nir mu-un-gal2 25. lu2 nig2 nu-tuku maš2 gur-ra-na gaba-na i-im-tab 26. lu2-garza2-ra ki 27-28. There, I have recited to you what my teacher revealed, and you will not neglect it. You should pay attention taking it to heart will be to your benefit! 27. nig2 um-mi-a-gu10 mu-un-pad3-de3 e-ra-šid nu-mu-ra-ab-taka4 28. gizzal 29-35. The learned scribe humbly answered his supervisor: I shall give you a response to what you have just recited like a magic spell, and a rebuttal to your charming ditty delivered in a bellow. Do not make me out to be an ignoramus I will answer you once and for all! You opened my eyes like a puppy"s and you made me into a human being. But why do you go on outlining rules for me as if I were a shirker? Anyone hearing your words would feel insulted! 29. dub-sar umun2 ak sun5-na-bi ugula-a-ni mu-un-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4 30. ud mu7-mu7-gin7 ab-šid-en-na-a ba-an-gi4-bi
a-ra-ab- 31. mu gud-gin7 i-lu dug3-ga-zu-še3 giš i3-la2-a-bi 32. lu2 nu-zu nam-mu-ni-ib-ku4-ku4 1(DIŠ)-am3 ga-ra-ni-ib-gi4 (1 ms. inserts lines 60A and 60B here instead of after line 60) 33. ur-gir15 tur-gin7 igi mu-e-bad-bad nam-lu2-ulu3 mu-e-ak 34. a-na-aš-am3 lu2 ga2-la dag-ga-gin7 giš ma-ab- 35. lu2 inim-zu giš ba-ni-in-tuku-a šu am3-ma-kar2-kar2 36-41. Whatever you revealed of the scribal art has been repaid to you. You put me in charge of your household and I have never served you by shirking. I have assigned duties to the slave girls, slaves and subordinates in your household. I have kept them happy with rations, clothing and oil rations, and I have assigned the order of their duties to them, so that you do not have to follow the slaves around in the house of their master. I do this as soon as I wake up, and I chivvy them around like sheep. 36. nam-dub-sar-ra a-na mu-e-pad3-da-zu šu-za ba-ni-in-šum2 37. e2-za 38. geme2 arad2 giri3-sig10-ga e2-za kig2-gi4-a 39. šukur2-bi tug2-bi u3 i3-ba-bi šag4-bi
40. a-ra2-bi-še3 kig2-gi4-a 41. gaba ud-ga2 42-49. When you have ordered offerings to be prepared, I have performed them for you on the appropriate days. 43] I have made the sheep and banquets attractive, so that your god is overjoyed. 44] When the boat of your god arrives, people should greet it with respect. 45] When you have ordered me to the edge of the fields, I have made the men work there. It is challenging work which permits no sleep either at night or in the heat of day, if the cultivators are to do their best at the field-borders. I have restored quality to your fields, so people admire you. Whatever your task for the oxen, I have exceeded it and have fully completed their loads for you. 42. sizkur2 sa gi4-gi4-da 43. udu-bi u2-gu7-bi 44. ud ma2 digir-za us2-sa-bi giri17 šu
45. gaba a-šag4-ga-še3 a2 46. kig2 a-da-min3-na gi6 an-bar7-ba u3 ba-ra-bi2-ku-am3 47. us2-a-DU dumu engar-ra-ke4-e-ne sag 48. a-šag4-za šu nam-sag9-ga 49. gud-de3 a-na-am3 gub-zu dirig 50-53. Since my childhood you have scrutinised me and kept an eye on my behaviour, inspecting it like fine silver there is no limit to it! Without speaking grandly as is your shortcoming I serve before you. But those who undervalue themselves are ignored by you know that I want to make this clear to you. 50. tur-ra-gu10-ta 51. kug sag9-ga-gin7 kurum7 52. gal-bi nu-di nig2-gig-zu-gin7 e-ra-da-tuš-u3-nam 53. ni2 tur-tur-re e-ra-da-sa 54-59. (The supervisor answers:) Raise your head now, you who were formerly a youth. You can turn your hand against any man, so act as is befitting. (The scribe speaks:) Through you who offered prayers and so blessed me, who instilled instruction into my body as if I were consuming milk and butter, who showed his service to have been unceasing, I have experienced success and suffered no evil. 54. ud-bi-ta lu2-tur 55. šu-zu lu2-ra mu-da-an-gi4-gi4-in a-ra2-bi-še3 DU-mu-un 56. šudu3 57. na de5-ga ga i3 gu7-a-gin7 su-ga2 i-ni-in-kur9-ra 58. gub-bu ga2-la nu-dag-ge pad3-da-zu 59. ki sag9-ga-bi sa2 60-61. (The supervisor answers:) The teachers, those learned men, should value you highly. {(2 mss. add 3 lines, 1 of the 2 mss. adds 2 more lines which correspond to lines 67 and 68 in this edition:) They should in their houses and in prominent places. Your name will be hailed as honourable for its prominence. For your sweet songs even the cowherds will strive gloriously. For your sweet songs I too shall strive and shall The teacher will bless you with a joyous heart.} You who as a youth sat at my words have pleased my heart. 60. um-mi-a lu2 inim zu-u3-ne sag {2 mss. add 3 lines:) 60A. e2-bi-a ki sag-kal-la-ba DI-DI 60B. mu-zu dug3-ge-eš pad3-de3-da-bi sag-ki-bi ma-gal2 (1 of the 2 mss. has lines 67 and 68 after line 60B instead of after line 66) 60E. um-mi-a šag4 61. lu2-tur inim-gu10-še3 ba-tuš-u3-nam šag4-gu10 bi2-dug3-ga-am3 62-72. Nisaba has placed in your hand the honour of being a teacher. {For her, the fate determined for you will be changed and so you will be generously blessed} {(1 ms. has instead:) You were created by Nisaba! May you upwards}. May she bless you with a joyous heart and free you from all despondency. at whatever is in the school, the place of learning. 66] The majesty of Nisaba silence. For your sweet songs even the cowherds will strive gloriously. For your sweet songs I too shall strive and shall .[omitted: 'do something for your MUNUS'] They should recognise that you are a practitioner (?) of wisdom. The little fellows should enjoy like beer the sweetness of decorous words: experts bring light to dark places, they bring it to culs-de-sac and streets. 62. dnisaba dugud-da um-mi-a šu-za i-ni-in-gar-ra 63. {nam i-ri-tar-ra mu-na-ra-kur2-ru šu zid
{(1 ms. has instead the line:) šu dug4-ga dnisaba-me-en gu2 an-še3 []} 64. šag4 65. e2-dub-ba-a ki-umum-ma a-na gal2-la [] 66. nam-ma 67. gud-us2 šir3 dug3-dug3-ga-zu-še3 giš
la2-bi ma 68. šir3 dug3-ga-zu-še3 giš ga-mu-ni-in-la2 MUNUS-zu-gin7 ga-mu-ni-tag-tag 69. nig2 geštug2-ga nu-u18-lu-me-en 70. di4-di4-la2 inim-inim-ma 71. gašam ki ku10-ku10-ga ud ga2-ga2 72. sila sag gi4-a sila-a ba-an-ga2-ga2 73-74. Praise Nisaba who has brought order to and fixed districts in their boundaries, the lady whose divine powers are divine powers that have no rival! 73. us2 teš2-ba ri-a si sa2-e in ki-bi sur-sur 74. nin me-ni-da me nu-sa2-a dnisaba za3-mi2 [End Scribe School] .. Quotes eme-gi-še3 gu2-zu na-ab-šub-be2-en Don"t neglect the Sumerian language! (Letter from Inim-Inana to Lugal-ibila c.3.3.12.3.) .. "Ipiq-Aya The Apprentice Scribe" [Google Books] p145 of The Scribe of the Flood Story and His Circle Ch7 p140-166 Frans van Koppen The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture, ed. Karen Radner, Eleanor Robson OUP '2011 (see also free download at academia.com; a backup of the MUGSAR is there too).
..
Oldest written love stories4-Way Inana | 4-Way top | Contents Note: This section covered in more detail in MUGSAR download version Ecology of the Erotic in a Myth of Inanna Judy Grahn Inanna went into the mountains and began flying around. From one border of the territory to the other, she flew round and round. She flew around the Tree whose roots intertwine with the horizon of heaven, by now so tired that she lay down beside its boundary roots. She had in her loincloth a weaving of the seven cosmic powers, across her thighs. Her thoughts were with her shepherd lover, Dumuzid. On the same plot of land a youth, Šukaletuda, was working, and saw her; he approached, untied the loincloth of divine powers .. It was only in "1949, in an article of the volume XVII of the Archiv Oreintalni called A Blood-Plague Motif in Sumerian Mythology, that Samuel Noah Kramer translated for the first time this myth[more] .. The Literature of Ancient Sumer edited Jeremy A. Black
Inana needed to pass through the seven gates of the "abzu" (abyss), and was not allowed to pass through unless she removed an article of clothing / jewelry for each of gate. Her clothes were symbolic of her divine power, thus she was systematically weakened in this fashion. By the time she arrived in the inner palace, she was almost naked and almost dead [more] cf. http://www.academia.edu/1247599/Inana_and_Sukaletuda_A_Sumerian_Astral_Myth .. Inana and the Seven Cosmic Powers of her LoinclothNote Intro above | 4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents u4-/ba nin-gu10 an\ mu-un-nigin2-na-ta Once, lady dear heaven (flew/) roamed around,
112b. ki /mu-un- nigin2 \-[na]-/ta\ cosmic world roamed around
113a. [Inana top] dinana an mu-un-nigin2-na-ta Inana heaven roamed around,
.. 113b. ki /mu-un- nigin2 \-[na]-/ta\ cosmos roamed around
114. [Inana top] /elamki\ su-bir4ki-a mu-un-nigin2-na-ta Elam & Subir roamed around
.. 115. [Inana top] /dubur an\ gil-gi16-il-la mu-un-nigin2-na-ta {[She flew around the Tree whose roots] horizon heaven entwined roamed around,}
.. 116. [Inana top] nu-gig kuš2-a-ni-ta im-ma-te dur2-bi-še3 ba-nu2 Sumerian high status woman (wore bead and was black) so tired landed backside exposed [through skimpy loincloth] lay down [beside its boundary roots.]
117. [Inana top] šu-kal-le-tud-da zag sar-ra-/ka\-ni igi im-ma-ni-/sig10\ Šukaletuda beside lair watched. [On the same plot of land a youth, Šukaletuda, was working, and saw her;]
118. [Inana top] dinana-ke4 tug2dara4 me imin gal4-la na Inana on reed mat [ lying on her side...] loincloth divine powers seven over her cuneus/backside [She had in her loincloth a weaving of the seven cosmic powers...]
119. {do. 118} tug2dara4? me 7 gal4-la-na [] Inana loves Dumuzi120. Inana dinanaki-ag2 sipad dumuzi Inana"s thoughts were with her shpeherd lover Dumuzi
Gudea Cylinders4-Way Ningirsu"s Temple | 4-Way top | Contents The Gudea cylinders are a pair of terracotta cylinders dating to circa 7875 CT [2125 plag] on which is written in cuneiform a Sumerian myth called the Building of Ningursu"s temple.[1] The cylinders were found in "1877 during excavations at Telloh (ancient Girsu), Iraq and are now displayed in the Louvre in Paris, France. They are the largest cuneiform cylinders yet discovered and contain the longest known text written in the Sumerian language [Wik] The god of wisdom, Enki, organized the world after creation and gave each deity a role in the world order. Nisaba was named the scribe of the gods, and Enki then built her a school of learning so that she could better serve those in need. Nidaba / Nindaba /
Nisaba = goddess of writing (and teaching) she
was often praised by Sumerian scribes. Many clay-tablets end with the phrase As the goddess of knowledge, she is related to many other facets of intellectual study and other gods may turn to her for advice or aid. Some of these traits are shared with her sister Ninsina. She is also associate with grain, reflecting her association with an earth goddess mother. 12240 AN.NAGA is read as NANIBGAL, and AN.ŠE.NAGA as NÁNIBGAL. NAGA is read as NÍDABA or NÍSABA, and ŠE.NAGA as NIDABA or NISABA[Wik] http://www.specialtyinterests.net/cuneiform_writing.html http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.1.7
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The Building of Ningirsu"s Temple Intro above | 4-Way top | Contents Gudea Cylinders A and B (c.2.1.7), line c217.110 Paragraph t217.p14 (line(s)110-114) .. 110. munus 1(DIŠ)-am3a-ba me-a nu a-ba me-a-ni [ETCSL: Then there was a woman -- whoever she was.] woman one was who to be or not to be*
*So that"s where Shakespeare / Edward de Vere plagiarized it from! 111. sag-ga2e3ki garadin9mu-ak [ETCSL: She sheaves. ] head basket bring place sheaves do
112. gi-dub-ba kug NE-a šu im-mi-du8 [ETCSL: She held a stylus of refined silver in her hand,] stylus silver refined hand proudly displayed
113. dub mul-an dug3-ga im-mi-gal2 [ETCSL: and placed it on a tablet with propitious stars,] tablet cosmic star good ones classified
.. 114. ad im-dab6-gi4-gi4 [ECSL: and was consulting it."] recited (mantra) turning round and round
.. ETCSL: Then there was a woman whoever she was. She sheaves [bundles]. She held a stylus of refined silver in her hand, and placed it on a tablet with propitious stars, and was consulting it. .. 110. munus 1(DIŠ)-am3a-ba me-a nu a-ba me-a-ni 111. sag-ga2e3ki garadin9mu-ak 112. gi-dub-ba kug NE-a šu im-mi-du8 113. dub mul-an dug3-ga im-mi-gal2 114. ad im-dab6-gi4-gi4 ccc Very Common Signsccc1
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.. Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top Not Translated Tablet (Gudean Period)
Mmnm not translated huh? Let"s apply MUGSAR 4-Way and see how far we get 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 11b | 12 | 13 | 14 Line 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 1111b | 12 | 13 | 14 ggg | Very Common Signs
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.. 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 11b | 12 | 13 | 14 cf. etcsl.orinst.oxc432e.D.54N A šir-namšubto Utu (Utu E) (c.4.32.e), line c432e.D.54
Paragraph t432e.p10 (line(s)51-58) 51. mu-lu zid-de3mu-lu zid-zid-da-[ke4] gu2-bi mu-un-ši-ib2-[gi4] 52. u3-mu-un erim6-ma kur galdmu-ul-lil2gu2-bi mu-un-ši-ib2-gi4 53. nin erim6-ma ama galdnin-lil2gu2-bi mu-un-ši-[ib2-gi4] 54. lu2zid-zid-da-ke4kaš-zu bur-ra me-ri ki a-da-ab-KU 55. zabar-bi ši su3-ud-ma-al de3-ra-ab-dirig-ge 56. nibrukidu3-du3-a-ba X KI X X X-a-ba še-eb e2-e X-a-ba 57. dam til3-la e2X [...] dirig?-ge 58. a e2-a a X [...] 51. The righteous man, the most righteous of men, has filled them to overflowing. 52. O lord of the storehouse, Great Mountain Enlil, he has filled them to overflowing. 53. O lady of the storehouse, great mother Ninlil, he has filled them to overflowing. 54. The most righteous of men has the bowls with your beer. 55. May this bronze vessel increase his long life. 56. When Nibru had been fully built, when had been , when the brickwork of this house had been , 57. the living spouse , 58. the seed of the house, the seed . cf. Line 8
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Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top REFERENCE & LINKSCivilization Time
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A little bit of video of Tara (then 6 yo) making and "unearthing" the CT Book on YouTube: 1. Unearthing the CT Book (16s) 2. Tara Designing CT Book (1m 31s) .. Sumer Periods
Ubaid = 5000-6000CT (5000-4000 religio-plagio) Early settlements in Sumer (southern Iraq). Uruk = 6000-7000CT (4000-3000 plag) Civilization develops rapidly through cuneiform writing. Early Dynastic = 7000-7650CT (3000-2350 plag) Independent, sometimes conflicting Sumerian city states. [Literature of Ancient Sumer, Jeremy Black] ED IIIa = The Early Dynastic IIIa (Fara) period c.7400-7500CT (2600-2500 plag) ED IIIb period = c. 7460-7650CT (2540-2350 plag) The Early Dynastic period began after a cultural break with the preceding Jemdet Nasr period that has been radio-carbon dated to about [7100CT (2900 plag)] at the beginning of the Early Dynastic I Period. No inscriptions have yet been found verifying any names of kings that can be associated with the Early Dynastic I period. The ED I period is distinguished from the ED II period by the narrow cylinder seals of the ED I period and the broader wider ED II seals engraved with banquet scenes or animal-contest scenes. The Early Dynastic II period is when Gilgamesh, the famous king of Uruk, is believed to have reigned. Later inscriptions have been found bearing some Early Dynastic II names from the King List. The Early Dynastic IIIa period is when syllabic writing began. Accounting records and an undeciphered logographic script existed before the Fara Period, but the full flow of human speech was first recorded around [7400CT (2600plag)] at the beginning of the Fara Period. Hegemony, which came to be conferred by the Nippur priesthood, alternated among a number of competing dynasties, hailing from Sumerian city-states traditionally including Kish, Uruk, Ur, Adab and Akshak, as well as some from outside of southern Mesopotamia, such as Awan, Hamazi, and Mari, until the Akkadians, under Sargon of Akkad, overtook the area Ur III = The Third Dynasty of Ur: 107 years, 7954-8061CT (20471940 plag) [cf. 108 years, 7888-7996CT (21122004 plag) - Black, ibid.] Also known as the Neo-Sumerian Empire or the Ur III Empire, refers to a Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state that some historians regard as a nascent empire [Wik] The Third Dynasty of Ur came to preeminent power in Mesopotamia after several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian kings. It controlled the cities of Isin, Larsa and Eshnunna and extended as far north as the Jazira. The Third Dynasty of Ur arose some time after the fall of the Akkad Dynasty. The period between the last powerful king of the Akkad Dynasty, Shar-kali-sharri, and the first king of Ur III, Ur-Nammu, is not well documented, but most Assyriologists posit that there was a brief dark age, followed by a power struggle among the most powerful city-states [Wik] cf. OS Old Sumerian period 7500-7650CT (2500-2350 plag) Sarg. Sargonic period 7650-7850CT (2350-2150 plag) Ur III / Third Ur Dynasty (Neo-Sumerian) period 7850-8000CT (2150-2000 plag) OB Old Babylonian period 8100-8400CT (1900-1600 plag) Unicode Sign closeupScriptSource(click on first result for even bigger size) | Google (Images) PSDhttp://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd1/nepsd-frame.html Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project could have been fantastic, except that they seem to think it was perfect and stopped back in 2006 no interest in unicodes / putting everything together. Anyway, once you get the hang of it, you can see Steve Tinney has still done a terrific job. ETCSLhttp://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/ The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL), a project of the University of Oxford, comprises a selection of nearly 400 literary compositions [Jeremy Black ['1951-'2004, founder] ETCSL SearchAdvanced Simple | Glossary | Proper Nouns | sitemap Fast Find: substitute in hypertext edit composition parameters composition c.1.3.3 line 129 = c133.129 http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/edition2/etcslgloss.php?lookup=c133.129&charenc=gcirc&sn=ON List of determinatives
CDP closeups of actual signs on tabletsThe Cuneiform Digital Palaeography Project | Database (login as guest)
.. John
Heise Top 20 Cuneiform .. Basics / GrammarIntroduction to Sumerian Grammar pdf Daniel Foxvog. At least at the beginning, shows the logograms too! Sumerian Grammar "2003 (Internet Archive) Dietz Otto Edzard Misc. ORACC: http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ The Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus BDTNS: http://bdts.filol.csic.es/ Sumerian Lexicon pdf & The Proto-Sumerian Language Invention Process John Halloran http://www.sumerian.org/ Literature of Ancient Sumer, Jeremy Black Google Books The Initiative for Cuneiform Encoding (ICE)
.. Proto Cuneiform Signs (cdli)[ppp] CDLI: http://cdli.ucla.edu/ Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (Oxford/UCLA) note Late Uruk Period signs - full list of proto-cuneiform signs pdf: http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/tools/SignLists/ATU1.pdf "MUG" 122A9 examples: .. .. Late Uruk Period Cattle Dairy Products Englund (pdf cdli)
LAK(proto list)(Liste der archaischen Keilschriftzeichen 1922 WVDOG 40, Berlin) http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/tools/SignLists/LAK/HTML/P0001.html (UCLACuneiform Digital Library Initiative) LAK is a dictionary of Sumerian cuneiform signs of the pre-classical Fara period (Early Dynastic II), published in "1922 by Sumerologist P. Anton Deimel ("1865"1954). The list enumerates 870 distinct cuneiform signs. The sign inventory in the archaic period was considerably larger than the standard inventory of texts of the classical Sumerian (7400-7650CT [2600-2350plag]) or Neo-Sumerian (7900CT; all dates short chronology) periods. This means that numerous signs identified by their classical reading continue several distinct signs of the pre-classical period. If it is necessary to identify the pre-classical sign intended, its LAK number is customarily given, in the form of LAK-1 to LAK-870 [Wik] :
.. TRUE ETYMOLOGYIn addition to individual entries throughout the MUGSAR, here we will start throwing in extra bits and pieces until we can get a feel for order Proto Language Monosyllables PLM"Proto Language Monosyllables PLM with their Principal Meanings", Patrick C. Ryan ("2008) The Proto-Language was composed of 90 monosyllables Some quite interesting points on true etymology and evolution. Also notes one of the defining characteristics of Emesal is to eliminate from the "female language" those sounds which would necessitate observable lip-rounding, presumably for whatever social significance observed lip-rounding by females may have had. Emegi [EG] u => Emesal [ES] i PIE = Proto-Indo-European Refers often to Kurt Jaritz Schriftarchäologie der altmesopotamischen Kultur ( "1967) Ancient Signs: The Alphabet & the Origins of Writing Andis Kaulins cites importance of Ryan"s work in addition to above: Sumerian Archaic Sign Table, Sumerian Sign Value Register http://lingwhizt.blogspot.com/2011/01/8-origins-of-writing-in-western.html - - Some extracts from LINGUIST List 7.1247 involving Patrick C Ryan http://linguistlist.org/issues/7/7-1247.html .. Message 3: Sumerian and PIE Date:Thu, 05 Sep 1996 01:10:28 EDT From:Alan Huffman <aahny@cunyvm.cuny.edu> Subject:Sumerian and PIE Here are a couple more for your Sumerian / PIE list: Sum.: me => "I" [see copula note] Sum.: adda => "father" cf. Gothic atta Sum.: nu => "no" Sum.:
lugal => "king" cf. Latin leg-is [and
lu/ru interchangeability => rugal => English 'regal' - see note for entry
at 12217
.. 1236A 1200A
.. 122E7 .. Shekel origin of Hebrew term for money re price of bushel of grain, see 122BA SHE Uruk /Sumerian: UNUG / cuneiform URU UNUG ..
.. Eridu/ Sumerian eriduki / cuneiform NUN.KI ..
.. Ur / Sumerian URIM ..
UR, urin(uri3, uru3) The name of the city is in origin derived from the god"s name,URIM2KIbeing the classical Sumerian spelling ofLAK-32.UNUGKI, literally the abode (UNUG) of Nanna (LAK-32) .. APPENDIXHow to write on clay | Vowels | Syllabary | Copula | Foxvog"s Basics || Major Lemma | QF | TOC | top Abbreviations / Notations[740x] = number of times attested as noted by ePSD it"s important to note that a number of the signs (esp the hundreds of repetitive variants) in the standard lists were rarely used. [~ xxx!] = very
large number e.g. 121A0
uQQ = unicode query number? gunû and šeššig One method of generating new signs was to mark a portion of a base sign to specify the object intended. The marks are called by the scribes either gunû-strokes (from Sumerian gùn-a "colored, decorated") or šeššig- hatchings (due to the resemblance of the strokes to the early cross-hatched form of the Sumerian sign for grain, še). Compare the following two sets of signs:
In the first set, the base sign is sag "head". Strokes over the mouth portion produces SAG-gunû, to be read ka "mouth". In the second set, the base sign is da "side" (i.e., a shoulder, arm and hand). Hatchings over the arm portion produces DA-šeššig, to be read á "arm" [Foxvog] CVVE = compound verb verbal element (PSD) PLM = Proto Language Monosyllables (see True Etym.) How to write on clay
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Professor Theo van den Hout http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=cmZ_3VYWLqU http://www.carolineludovici.com/learn-how-to-write-cuneiform.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=eJYQ8VEFznU
http://archaeology.otterlabs.org/Courses/AncientCivilizations/Syllabus/CuneiformLab.htm Basic CuneusGE = stylus cuneus; (piece of) writing, copy, exemplar, written; blow; wound [All called 'ge' but then 12100 reed (stylus) is also 'ge'] 1230B
12038
12079
1203A
12039
.. .. Numbersnnn 12038 122F0 1203C 121F9 1213F 1240B 12153 1240D 12446 1230B .. cpd Vowels a e i u12000
1208A
1213F
1230B
.. PronunciationVowels may be pronounced as follows: a as in father, e as in peg, i as in hip, u as in pull. Of the special consonants, ñ is pronounced like
"ng" in rang, so .. a, e4: n., water; watercourse, canal; seminal fluid; offspring; father; tears; flood. é: house, household; temple; plot of land. i: n., cry of pain (derived from ér, ír, "tears; complaint" ?). v., to capture, defeat, overcome (cf., éd, è; i, "to sprout") ú: n., plant; vegetable; grass; food; bread; pasture; load. v., to nourish, support. adj., strong, powerful (man). ù: n., sleep (cf., u5). [according to S. Lieberman, u, ù, and u4 were pronounced /o/] v., to sleep. u(3,4,8): n., an expression of protest; cries, screams; grunting, panting. v., to bend over. u5: n., male bird, cock; totality; earth pile or levee; raised area (sometimes written ù). v., to mount (coition); to be on top of; to ride; to steer, conduct. adj., (raised) high, especially land or ground (sometimes written ù). u18: huge. u20: barley. More at The Proto-Sumerian Language Invention Process John A. Halloran .. Syllabary A-Z: Write your name in Sumerian!There's no 'o' vowel in Sumerian but 'u' (pron. as in pull) is close. Also use the Main Listings for 3-letter syllables like we did for Hogan CV consonant vowel Ba | VC aB sss
VC vowel consonant aB [Syll. top | *QF*]
[END | Syll. top CV Ba | VC aB | *QF*] .. The tables above show signs used for simple syllables of the form CV or VC. As used for the Sumerian language, the cuneiform script was in principle capable of distinguishing at least 16 consonants, transliterated as b, d, g, g~, ?, k, l, m, n, p, r, r, s, š, t, z as well as four vowel qualities,a, e, i, u. [Wik] .. The picture of a hand came to stand not only for Sumerian šu (hand) but also for the phonetic syllable šu in any required context. Sumerian words were largely monosyllabic, so the signs generally denoted syllables, and the resulting mixture is termed a word-syllabic script. The inventory of phonetic symbols henceforth enabled the Sumerians to denote grammatical elements by phonetic complements added to the word signs (logograms or ideograms). Because Sumerian had many identical sounding (homophonous) words, several logograms frequently yielded identical phonetic values and are distinguished in modern transliteration(as, for example, ba, bá, bà, ba4). Because a logogram often represented several related notions with different names (e.g., sun, day, bright), it was capable of assuming more than one phonetic value (this feature is called polyphony)more .. "accents" and subscript numerals do not affect the pronunciation Halloran .. Foxvog"s Basicshttp://home.comcast.net/~foxvog/Grammar.pdf] Sign Diacritics and Index Numbers Sumerian features a large number of homonyms words that were pronounced similarly but had different meanings and were written with different signs, for example:
A system of numerical subscripts, and diacritics over vowels representing subscripts, serves to identify precisely which sign appears in the actual text Borger"s index system which is used here is as follows: Single-syllable signs Multiple-syllable signs du (= du1) muru dú (= du2) múru dù (= du3) mùru du4 etc. muru4 Note that the diacritic always falls on the FIRST VOWEL of the word! There is variation in the systems employed in older signlists for multiple- syllable signs, especially in Labat. In the earliest editions of his sign-list which may still be encountered in libraries, Labat carried the use of diacritics through index numbers 4-5 by shifting the acute and grave accents onto the first syllable of multiple-syllable signs: murú (= muru2) murù (= muru3) múru (= muru4) mùru (= muru5) New values of signs, pronunciations for which no generally accepted index numbers yet exist, are given an x subscript, e.g. dax "side" Many signs are polyvalent, that is, they have more than one value or reading Polyvalency The most important new development by far was the principle of polyvalency, the association of many values with a particular sign, each with its own separate pronunciation. This became a very productive and simple method of generating new logographic values.
Determinatives To help the reader decide which possible value of a polyvalent sign was intended by the writer, the use of determinatives arose. A determinative is one of a limited number of signs which, when placed before or after a sign or group of signs, indicates that the determined object belongs to a particular semantic category, e.g. wooden, reed, copper or bronze objects, or persons, deities, places, etc. Determinatives were still basically optional as late as the Ur III period (7887-7997CT). When Sumerian died as a spoken language, they became obligatory. Determinatives were presumably not to be pronounced when a text was read, and to show that they are not actually part of a word we transliterate them, in unilingual Sumerian context at least, as superscripts. To use the example of the "plow" sign above, the polyvalent sign APIN [see 12033] is read APIN if preceded by a "wood" determinative: GIŠAPIN "plow" ENGAR if preceded by a "person" determinative: LÚENGAR "plowman" but URU4 "to plow" or ÀBSIN "furrow" elsewhere, depending upon context. Rebus Writing and Syllabic Values At some point rebus [cf. Kindle defi: a puzzle words are rep by combo pictures and individual letters e.g. apex = picture of ape + letter X shown by] writings arose, where the sign for an object which could easily be drawn was used to write a homophonous word which could not so easily be depicted, especially an abstract idea. For example, the picture of an arrow, pronounced /ti/, became also the standard sign for ti "rib" as well as for the verb ti(l) "to live". The adoption of the rebus principle was a great innova- tion, but it adds to the difficulty of learning the Sumerian writing system, since meanings of words thus written are divorced entirely from the original basic shapes and meanings of their signs. The Sumerian writing system was still in limited use as late as the [100th] cent.; the last known texts are astronomical in nature and can be dated to ca. [10076CT]. The system thus served the needs of Mesopotamian civilizations for a continuous span of over 3200 years a remarkable achievement in human history. Syllabic Signs Used in Sumerian primarily to write grammatical elements. They are also commonly used to write words for which there is no proper logogram. Sometimes this phonetic writing is a clue that the word in question is a foreign loanword.
Determinatives Logograms which may appear before or after words which categorize the latter in a variety of ways. They are orthographic aids and were presumably not pronounced in actual speech. They begin to be used spora- dically by the end of the archaic period. While they were probably developed to help a reader chose the desired value of a polyvalent sign, they are often employed obligatorily even when the determined logogram is not polyvalent. For example, while the wood determinative giš may be used before the PA sign to help specify its reading gidri "scepter", rather than, e.g., sìg "to beat", giš is also used before hašhur "apple (tree or wood)" even though this sign has no other reading. Other common functions are to help the reader distinguish between homonymous words, e.g. ad "sound" and gišAD "plank" or between different related meanings of a word, e.g. nú "to sleep" but gišgèšnu (NÚ) "bed". The following determinatives are placed BEFORE the words they determine and so are referred to as pre-determinatives:
The following determinatives are placed AFTER the words they determine and so are referred to as post-determinatives:
..uuuQQ
uQQ kuš2 tired + 12000 A cry of woe + 1224C NI come to an end + 122EB TA much
.. Copulato be
http://etcsl.orinst.oxc625.15.3 also
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Sumerians Kings of the Earthlings
male + 
-eb-us2-
abrudmušen-e []
-li-a-bi na-an-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4
